Wednesday, January 29, 2020
That Was Then, This is Now†and “The Chocolate War†Essay Example for Free
That Was Then, This is Now†and â€Å"The Chocolate War†Essay â€Å"That Was Then, This is Now†by S.E. Hinton (1971) and â€Å"The Chocolate War†(1974) by Robert Cormier are boundary-shattering young-adult novels, each of which penetrates to the heart of issues with which adolescent readers can readily identify. However, as groundbreaking as these novels were upon their initial publications, both of the novels conform to an established literary idiom, prevalent throughout young-adult literature for many centuries. Both â€Å"The Chocolate War†and â€Å"That Was Then, This is Now†present novels of initiation; more specifically, novels of male-initiation. Aspects of the male-initiation novel include specific conditional criteria that both define and structure the concept of manhood; among these criteria are issues of heterosexuality, embodiment, and collectivism. (Bereska, 2003)            The prominence of traditional male-initiation archetypes and notions of masculinity in the novels, together with the novels’ unconventional narrative styles, pace, and conventions helped generate two of the more popular, controversial, and memorable titles in the 1970s YA catalog. â€Å"Like classics or current adult fiction, some YAL includes a variety of situational archetypes such as the test/trial as a rite of passage, the journey or quest of the hero, birth/death/rebirth, and the search for self.†(Herz Gallo, 1996, p. 11)            In both novels, notions of manhood and sexual orientation play key roles in defining character and plot development, as well as thematic development. Bryon, the main character in ‘That Was Then, This is Now†prides himself as a ladies’ man and is compared to (or confused with) the Romantic Poet Lord Byron, who was an infamous womanizer, on different occasions during the story. â€Å"While not explicitly stated, it is an implicit assumption that the boys world is a heterosexual world; there are no logical alternatives to heterosexuality. In books from the 1940s to the late 1990s[] A normal male body is presumed to be both masculine in gender and heterosexual (Nelson (Bereska, 2003)            Along with heterosexuality as a harbinger of normalcy, the male world in YA initiation novels is â€Å"characterized by particular types and degrees of emotional expression, naturalized aggression, male hang-out groups, hierarchies within those groups [and] competition,†(Bereska, 2003). In both â€Å"The Chocolate War†and â€Å"That Was Then, This is Now†the world is portrayed as a male-dominated â€Å"war zone†where a survival of the fittest mentality reigns above issues of emotionality, sensitivity, or compassion.            While drugs, street-fights, and casual sex present controversial and very stark terrors in the world of â€Å"That Was Then, This is Now,†in Cormier’s male-dominated world, the male-hierarchy is not only prevalent, its strictures are living law: â€Å"football is easy compared to Jerrys other extracurricular activities at Trinity High: placating the Vigils, the schools secret society, and avoiding Brother Leon, the acting headmaster[] Archie Costello, de facto leader of the Vigils, orders Jerry to refuse to sell chocolate for ten days, as a way of exerting power†(Cheaney, 2001, p. 256).            The aspect of embodiment: that is, the physical manifestation of male characteristics (or defining manhood by male bodily capacities and functions) is a vital component of both novels, symbolized by, not only erotic scenes and passages, but by visceral acts of violence. Foremost among the explicit symbolism of male initiation as male-body-experience is the climactic brutality of â€Å"The Chocolate War†when raffle-tickets are drawn to direct blows against bodies. Raffle tickets are drawn to see when and where Jerry and Emile Janza (a thug) will strike one another with boxing blows. One of the members of the school gang The Vigils finally draws a raffle ticket that allows Janza to strike Jerry below the belt.             In â€Å"That Was Then, This is Now,†Mark and Bryon vital, viral male bodies are contrasted with Bryon’s ailing mother, a victim of the poverty and desperation that hangs over her household. While Bryon’s healthy erotic-physical response to Cathy brings about a sense of patriarchal responsibility for MM, Mark, whose sexuality had never been as pronounced as Bryon’s deviates from a â€Å"pure†state of male-embodiment, becoming a drug-user and drug-pusher, selling drugs to help support Bryon’s mother.            The corruption of the communal (but male dominated and protected space) in this case comes by way of drugs with threaten MM’s physical and mental maturity; during his LSD hallucinations, he seems to regress to a childlike, vulnerable state. It is at the point of Bryon’s decision to turn Mark in as a drug dealer despite their â€Å"brotherhood†that Bryon’s initiation is completed and the transformation of his masculinity from purely male-identified to communally-identified takes place.            Both â€Å"The Chocolate War†and â€Å"That Was Then, This is Now†end ambiguously if not tragically. Although Bryon makes a successful transition from self-motivated and socially alienated to selflessness and social responsibility, his initiation into manhood exacts a heavy toll and violates the previously established intimacy between the stories two main characters. Keeping in mind the aforementioned â€Å"classical†motifs of male-initiation, Bryon’s â€Å"sacrifice†of his male-to-male friendship with Mark in favor of his traditional familial relationships with Cathy and MM fulfill the classical notion of heterosexual manhood as established via physical embodiment, and collectivism.            â€Å"The Chocolate War†ends with pyrrhic victory, in that Jerry dares to â€Å"disturb the universe†by challenging the male-on-male hierarchy generated by The Vigils, but at the novel’s close Jerry is beaten and physically injured; with a broken jaw, he tells his friend, The Goober, not to disturb the universeâ€â€that it’s not worth it. The book ends as Archie displays no remorse for the past, and Jerry no hope for the future. Cormier’s themes for â€Å"The Chocolate War†were rooted in â€Å"the individuals response to evil, a concern deeply rooted in Cormiers Roman Catholic conscience[]I was made aware of evil, and Im aware of it now. I mean, we constantly try to be good, and most of us are because of the lack of opportunities to do evil. Opportunities for evil abound at Trinity High because most of the boys dont recognize it for what it is.†(Cheaney, 2001, p. 256) Though Hinton’s themes seem less explicitly grounded in traditional religious morality, her work, like Cormier’s, deals with issues of profound sociological consequence, along with themes of dynamic individuation and social integration. Perhaps â€Å"That Was Then, This is Now†can be rightfully regarded as offering a somewhat less tragic arc than â€Å"The Chocolate War,†the impact of both of the novels on the YA genre was (and remains) explosive.            Classical literature often fails to exert the kind of hypnotically personal impact on young-adult readers that commercially published YAL sometimes offers. â€Å"Literature can be a way for teens to release these tensions.†This point remains highly valid as the enduring appeal and success of â€Å"The Chocolate War†and â€Å"That Was Then, This is Now’ demonstrates. â€Å"Students can read a book, for example, about a teenager reaching puberty and can talk about what the character is feeling in the third person, not the first. They can say she felt instead of I felt.[]Why do they want to read it? Perhaps because it helps them feel as if they are not alone.†(Alsup, 2003) Each of these novels melded traditional elements of the male-initiation story while simultaneously breaking through previously held notions regarding the thematic scope and sociological relevance of YA novels. References Bereska, T. M. (2003). The Changing Boys World in the 20th Century: Reality and Fiction.  The Journal of Mens Studies, 11(2), 157+. Herz, S. K., Gallo, D. R. (1996). From Hinton to Hamlet: Building Bridges between Young Adult Literature and the Classics. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Alsup, J. (2003). Politicizing Young Adult Literature: Reading Andersons Speak as a Critical Text Critical Texts Confront Difficult Topics. Students Need to Read, Write, and Talk about These Relevant Issues. Journal of Adolescent Adult Literacy, 47(2), 158+. Cheaney, J. (2001, December). Teen Wars : The Young Adult Fiction of Robert Cormier. World and I, 16, 256.
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Abortion: Where Do We Draw The Line? :: Biology Essays Research Papers
Abortion: Where Do We Draw The Line? Possibly one of the most controversial court cases in our country's history was settled in January 1973. In a decision known as Roe vs. Wade, the Supreme Court legalized abortion in the United States (1). Now, according to the National Center for Health Statistics, abortion practices have become the most frequent surgical operation in the United States. But at what point is abortion just wrong? Only under certain circumstances should abortion practices be legal. Many would argue that abortion is wrong because as soon as the baby is conceived, it becomes a living, breathing organism. Therefore, aborting the small organism is simply murder. However, when Roe vs. Wade was decided, organizations like Planned Parenthood publicly supported this ruling, arguing that during the first three months of pregnancy, the fetus is nothing more than a mass of tissue (1). In addition to Planned Parenthood, there are also many religious organizations in agreement with the legalization of abortion. These organizations include American Baptist Churches USA, the Episcopal Church, Presbyterian Church USA, the United Methodist Church, and the United Synagogue for Conservative Judaism (2). But under what circumstances should abortion practices be accepted? As time passes, it seems as if more and more women are having abortions as a way of shunning responsibility. According to the AG Institution, fifty percent of women who have abortions use it as their sole means of birth control (3). This is one example of how abortion practice is being taken advantage of and used for the wrong reasons. In addition, approximately 45% of all abortions in the United States are done by women ages 19 and under. Why is this? Based on a survey of 1900 women in this country, the two most common reasons for abortion are: 1) the woman can not afford to keep the baby, and 2) the woman is not ready for the responsibility. These responses accounted for nearly 42% of all answers (3). However, these reasons are far from legitimate because these issues can be easily fixed. There are too many contraceptives and other forms of birth control to allow these excuses to be justifiable. So what are acceptable reasons to abort an unborn baby? For one, a mother's health should never be in jeopardy. Another understandable reason to have an abortion is when there could be possible health problems for the unborn child.
Monday, January 13, 2020
Promotion of Colgate-Palmolive Essay
Promotion is a communication means the merits of the product and persuade customers to buy it . Promotion has following four distinct elements. Personal selling , Advertising , Sales Promotion,and Public relations which can be used as such or can be used in combination to promote the product . ADVERTISEMENT Colgate primarily used advertisements as its main promotion strategies. Its different products which are designed for different segments are targeted to the audience by highlighting its features. Its common tagline for all products is - ³No1 brand recommended by dentist. ´ SALES PROMOTION As such no promotion is done at retail level except the recommendation by the shopkeeper. But for rural market COLGATE uses VAN (van is a mobile promotion station having facilities for screen show, slide show and mike publicity. PUBLIC RELATIONS PR campaigns were undertaken extensively during the launch of the brand in leading newspapers and magazines, though they were focused more directly on enhancing the image of the parent company in the eyes of stakeholders like shareholders potential investors, etc.that in consumers. Oral Care Special Offers Strong teeth and secure future, with Colgate Your children are your tomorrow. Here’s your chance to ensure that they get the best higher education possible. Stand a chance to win scholarships of up to 1 lakh with the Colgate Scholarship Offer and secure your child’s future. All you have to do is give a missed call on the number printed at the back of the Colgate pack and be eligible for the lucky draw. Hurry! Over 200 scholarships up for grabs. Price of Colgate-Palmolive price is consists of tactical marketing tolls,blemded into an integrated marketing programme that actually delivers the intended value proposition to taeget customer such as : List price , Discount , Allowance , Paymeny period , Credit terms .
Sunday, January 5, 2020
Table of mRNA Codons and Properties of the Genetic Code
This is a table of mRNA codons for the amino acids and a description of the properties of the genetic code. Genetic Code Properties There is no ambiguity in the genetic code. This means each triplet codes for only one amino acid.The genetic code is degenerate, which means there is more than one triplet code for many of the amino acids. Methionine and tryptophan each are coded by just one triplet. Arginine, leucine, and serine each are coded by six triplets. The other 15 amino acids are coded by two, three, and four triplets.There are 61 triplet codes for amino acids. Three other triplets (UAA, UAG, and UGA) are stop sequences. The stop sequences signal chain termination, telling the cellular machinery to stop synthesizing a protein.The degeneracy of the code for the amino acids coded by two, three, and four triplets is only in the last base of the triplet code. As an example, glycine is coded by GGU, GGA, GGG, and GGC.Experimental evidence indicates the genetic code is universal for all organisms on Earth. Viruses, bacteria, plants, and animals all use the same genetic code to form proteins from RNA. Table of mRNA Codons and Amino Acids mRNA Amino Acid mRNA Amino Acid mRNA Amino Acid mRNA Amino Acid UUU Phe UCU Ser UAU Tyr UGU Cys UUC Phe UCC Ser UAC Tyr UGC Cys UUA Leu UCA Ser UAA Stop UGA Stop UUG Leu UCG Ser UAG Stop UGG Trp --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- CUU Leu CCU Pro CAU His CGU Arg CUC Leu CCC Pro CAC His CGC Arg CUA Leu CCA Pro CAA Gln CGA Arg CUG Leu CCG Pro CAG Gln CGG Arg --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- AUU Ile ACU Thr AAU Asn AGU Ser AUC Ile ACC Thr AAC Asn AGC Ser AUA Ile ACA Thr AAA Lys AGA Arg AUG Met ACG Thr AAG Lys AGG Arg --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- GUU Val GCU Ala GAU Asp GGU Gly GUC Val GCC Ala GAC Asp GGC Gly GUA Val GCA Ala GAA Glu GGA Gly GUG Val GCG Ala GAG Glu GGG Gly
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